Articlr

Most pain is related to injury or tissue damage and the treatment is relatively straightforward in theory: the tissue at fault is searched for and investigated, a cause is found and the treatment is aimed at improving the underlying abnormality. This is the medical model of disease and injury and it works exceptionally well, diagnosing our fractured leg, pneumonia, arthritic joint or heart attack and then treating it so the problem is solved. The difficulty starts with the many pain conditions which don't fit into this model and which are not well diagnosed or treated by medical doctors.

Normal tissue injury pain occurs when the injured area transmits a volley of pain impulses up towards the spinal cord nerves in the back, which take the signals and carry them on towards the brain. The volleys of incoming pain excite the spinal cord nerves strongly and they react by amplifying their reactions to them, giving us higher levels of pain. We then protect the area, it settles and heals and the system settles down to its normal state. However, some conditions do not fit this picture, do not have a precipitating injury or event and do not settle down with time, fitting poorly into the normal picture. These pain syndromes are not well understood or diagnosed.

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and chronic widespread pain (CWP) are typical pain syndromes. CRPS can develop in a wrist or ankle after a moderate or minor injury such as a small fracture or a sprain, with the joint rapidly becoming painful, stiff and swollen. A wrist and hand like this has very limited function and needs to be free of immobilisation as soon as possible to start rehabilitation. Early physiotherapy intervention is vital to get the passive and active ranges of movement as soon as possible and educate the patient in what they have to do.

Chronic widespread pain occurs, as the title implies, all over the body, with multiple trigger points in muscle bellies. Trigger points are areas of acute sensitivity to pressure which occur in specific places in muscles and can refer pain away from those sites causing a persistent pain condition. Physiotherapists treat trigger point pain with acupuncture, acupressure, stretches and positional advice. Fibromyalgia syndrome occurs mostly in women, and consists of widespread pain, fatigue, hypersensitivity to pressure, poor sleep, feeling unrestored in the morning, "brain fog", IBS, reduced physical ability and pain unpredictability.

Psychological interviewing of these patients is vital as having a long-term pain problem is very likely to produce low mood, depression and anxiety which in turn lead to poor coping and difficulties engaging with therapy. The clinical psychologist may find that the patient discloses a significant history of abuse, either in childhood and/or in adult relationships. This will have lead to important difficulties in dealing with other people, negative thinking, passive communication, anger and problems sticking to a treatment once agreed. The clinical psychologist will have an important role in supporting these patients through a course of treatment.

It is vital that the clinical psychologist teaches FMS sufferers psychological strategies to help them manage the condition and make their wishes clear. Pain management programmes address developing realistic thinking, positive coping strategies, assertive communication, acceptance of the condition, mindfulness, pacing activity and meeting others in the same boat to reduce the feeling of isolation. Sufferers typically communicate with their relatives and others in very passive ways, leading to conflict, anger and resentment as they do not make their needs clear. Realistic thinking addresses the understandable bias towards thinking negatively due to a longstanding pain condition.

Pain syndromes are not amenable to normal medical management but medication can be helpful if it does not increase mental confusion or fatigue. Drugs such as amitriptyline, used initially for depression, are given to reduce pain and improve sleep. A graded exercise programme, guided by a physiotherapist, can improve strength, fitness and so functional ability. Patients report stretching is helpful and especially so if the pain is severe enough to preclude exercise. Pain syndrome sufferers benefit from a multi-disciplinary approach and a structured strategy.